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学习目标
完成本章元的学习后，够掌握一定的与眼镜验光相关的英语专业词汇，并能借助词典阅读与眼镜验光相关的英语专业杂志和书籍。
知识要求
一、英语阅读基本知识
1.阅读英语专业资料的必要性
随着我国眼镜验光专业的日益发展，验光配镜人员的文化素质不断提高，随着视光学的学历教育、职业教育的普及，验光配镜专业人员的水平迅速提高。
目前国内有关眼镜验光的书籍和杂志已经不能满足验光师们对于知识和技能的渴求，阅读、参考先进的国外文献已是势在必行，但专业英语水平的欠缺成了验光师队伍拓展知识的“瓶颈”，本教材摘录若干眼镜验光的启蒙读物，希望能帮助从业人员建立一个学习专业英语的良好开端。
2.阅读英语专业资料的方法
大多数从业人员都具有一定的文化水平，有着9年或更长的英语学习的基础。经过调查发现，阅读专业英语资料发生困难的主要原因是因为不熟悉大量的专业词汇。在一页读物中若翻阅15次词典就会大大影响阅读者的信心。于是有人将大量的专业生词抄写下来，进行突击记忆，但经验证实收效甚微。
鉴于读者具有良好的公共英语基础和得天独厚的眼镜验光专业知识这两大长处，这里介绍一种行之有效的英语阅读学习方法，称为估读法。顾名思义就是在阅读时根据上下文的意思估计和揣测专业生词的中文含义，尽量减少翻阅词典的次数，以弄清文章的专业内容为目的。开始时每天读2页，以后逐日增加阅读量，并用记号笔标记需要揣测的生词。若将阅读能力用“形文力”来定量分析，每页读物有10个字需要揣测，形文力为85%；每页读物有5个字需要揣测，形文力为93%；每页读物有少于3个字需要揣测，形文力为大于97%。当读者估读400页至500页专业读物以后，形文力就会大于97％，就能够毫无困难地阅读任何常规的英语专业资料了。
但是开始进行估读训练之前，必须具备最起码的“形文力”，本教材所摘录的最常用的英语专业阅读文字或许可以成为读者启动学习的“润滑剂”。
二、眼镜验光专业英语阅读资料
1.光学
(1)光可以表述为波或粒子，点光源发出的光波向各个方向传播，光波的定向传播可以设想为光线。
Light can be conceived as waves or as particles. The light waves proceeding outward in all directions from a point source. The directions can be thought of as light“ray”.
(2)透镜可以改变光波的聚散度。焦点光度表示透镜对平行光线所起的作用。一度的正透镜可以使平行光线会聚到距透镜1 m远的焦点上。一度的负透镜可以使平行光线发散开来，仿佛这些光线发自于距透镜1 m远的焦点。
Lenses change the vergence of light waves.Focal power tells us .what a lens dose to parallel rays. Thus a plus one diopter lens converges parallel rays to a focus at 1 m.A minus one diopter lens diverges parallel rays as if they were coming from a focal point at 1 m.
(3)球面透镜是表面弯曲的玻璃片或树脂片。正光度透镜是凸面的(中间比周边厚)，负光度透镜是凹面的(中间比周边薄)。
Lenses are curved pieces of glass or plastic. Plus lenses are(thicker in the center than at the edges). Minus lenses are concave (thinner in the center than at the edges).
(4)决定透镜焦度的重要因素为前、后曲率焦度(称为面焦度)和制造透镜的材料折射率(玻璃或树脂)，镜片厚度的因素则常忽略不计。
The important factors which determine lens power are front and rear curvatures(called surface powers)and the refractive index of material(glass or plastic).Lens thickness is a minor contributing factor.
(5)圆柱透镜轴向所对的子午方位没有屈光力，在与轴向相垂直的子午方位有屈光力。
Cylinders have no power in the axis meridian.The power is in the meridian that vertical with axis.
(6)可以想象，球柱面透镜有如一个平球面透镜和一个平圆柱透镜黏结在一起，具有最高和最低焦度的子午线，称为主子午线。
We can think of spherocylinders as a flat sphere and a flat cylinder glued together. They have power meridians of maximum and minimum，called primary merdians.
(7)光线经过一系列的聚散形成Sturm光锥，在两条焦线之间，光线形成一个圆斑(永远不能聚为焦点)，称为最小弥散圆。
The rays go through a series of convolutions called the conoid of Sturm.Midway between the two focal lines，the rays form a circle(never a point)called the circle of least confusion.
(8)光学十字法是可显示透镜光学特点最简明的图解方法，主子午线的总焦度分别在十字的线端标出。
The optic cross is a simple schematic which shows all the essentials of lens. The total optical power is indicated on the limbs which in turn lie in the principal meridians.
(9)球面等效作用常用于验光。例如我们根据病人的反馈修改圆柱透镜的焦度时，则必须同时修改球面透镜的半量值，以维持最小弥散圈落在视网膜上。
Spherical equivalents are used constantly in refraction.For example when we change the cylinder in consequence to patient's answers，we often need to change the sphere by half that amount to maintain the circle of confusion on the retina.
(10)将棱镜置于眼前时，向底部偏移的光线使眼睛看到的影像向棱镜的顶部移位。一个棱镜度表示光线通过棱镜后在1m处有1cm的偏移。
When a prism is placed before an eye，the base deviated rays cause the image to appear displaced toward its apex. One prism diopter represents a 1 cm deviation at 1 m.
(11)焦度计是用于测定透镜顶焦度的仪器。
The lensometer is the instrument of choice for evaluating optical power.
(12)手动中和法就是用已知焦度的试验透镜消除远目标影像的“移动”性来定量未知焦度的透镜。透镜具有正焦度，目标线发生逆向运动。即目标线的移动方向与镜片移动的方向相反。透镜具有负焦度，则目标线发生同向运动。
In hand neutralization，trial lenses of known power are used to eliminate“motion”seen through the unknown lens relative to a distant target. Plus power gives an against movement:the target line appears to move opposite to the direction in which you move the lens. Minus power gives a with motion.
(13)从透镜的表面到焦点的距离被称为顶点焦距，是以透镜的前后顶点为起点测量的。与之相对应的屈光度称为前后顶点焦度。
These are called vertex focal distance because they are measured from the vertex of the lens surface to the lens focal point, The focal powers corresponding to them are the back and front vertex powers.
(14)多焦点镜片上设计有焦度不同的区域，因此，适合老视眼观察不同距离的目标。
Multifocal lenses contain areas of differing power and are therefore suitable for presbyopic vision at various distances.
2.屈光学
(1)瞳距(PD)是双眼瞳孔中心(理论上为视轴)之间的距离。
The interpillary distance(PD)is the distance between pillary centers(the visual axes in theory)of the two eyes.
(2)采用毫米尺很容易测定顶点距离，这一点在验配角膜接触镜时是不可忽视的。
Vertex distance is easily measured with a ruler and is recorded in mm.it should always be noted when fitting contact lenses.
(3)如果平行光线入眼后不能聚焦到静态眼的视网膜上，则称该眼为屈光不正。
If parallel rays are not focused on the retina of a static eye，the eye is ametropic.
(4)屈光不正的种类可因光线聚焦在视网膜前形成近视眼；光线聚焦在视网膜后形成远视眼；若在不同子午线上有不同的屈光力，则称为散光眼。
Ametropia may result because the rays focus in front of the retina，as in myopia，behind the retina as in hyperopia，or at different point in different meridians，as in astigmatism.
(5)通常可以将远视划分为可代偿的(功能性的)和不可代偿的(绝对性的)。
We can classify hyperopia as compensated(functionality)，or uncompensated(absolute).
(6)大多数近视眼的眼睛，包括高度近视眼都是完全健康的。
Most myopic eyes，including highly myopic ones，are perfectly healthy.
(7)双眼的屈光不正程度不同称为屈光参差。实际上几乎没有人的两只眼睛的屈光状态是完全一致的，所以只有当屈光参差导致临床症状时才有意义。
Anisometropia means an unequal refractive error in the two eyes. Actually，no two eyes are exactly alike，so a refractive difference becomes important only if it leads to symptoms.
(8)记住下述规律非常有用：无论正透镜还是负透镜，镜片离眼睛越远，正焦度越深。
It is useful to remember that both plus and minus lenses become more plus if they are moved farther from the eye.
(9)远点(PR)是调节松弛时视网膜清晰影像的共扼焦点。光线必须是从此点射出才能被眼睛聚焦于视网膜上。
The far point(PR)is the point conjugate to the sharp retinal image with accommodation relaxed. The light rays must be from the point that the eye can focus them on the retina.
(10)应特别记住圆柱透镜的效果是移动一条焦线，却不改变另一焦线。球镜的效果是向同一方向等量地移动两条焦线。
Note particularly that the effect of a simple cylinder is to move one focal line without changing the other. The effect of a sphere is to move both focal lines equally in the same direction.
(11)正透镜除了可以使光线聚焦以外，还附有使影像放大的作用。正透镜可以放大，负透镜可以缩小。
Plus lenses can to bringing objects into focus，but also magnify. Plus lenses magnify and minus lenses minify.
(12)记录每只眼的裸眼视力和戴原有镜时的视力。如被测者不能识别任何视标，可以选用数指、手动或光感来记录。
The vision should be recorded for each eye with and without previous glasses. If the patient cannot recognize any letters，record as“count finger”，“hand move”or“perceive light”.
3.屈光检查
(1)小孔试片是验光室有用的附件之一，因为它能预计可采用光学矫正的潜在视力。
The pinhole is a useful refracting room accessory because it can provide an estimate of potential acuity with optical correction.
(2)红绿背景视标：用于分析球镜屈光矫正的程度。
Red-green background targets for check the sphere lens correct power.
(3)投影偏振视标，可配合偏振试片使用，用于测定视觉抑制。
Projected polarized acuity targets in conjunction with polarized filters，are useful for identifying the vision spression.
(4) Maltese十字视标用于配合融像性交叉柱镜检测。
Maltese crosses target used in fusional cross cylinder test.
(5)综合验光仪是镜片和附件的组合性仪器，切实地提高了屈光检查的效率。
Phoropters are self contained units of lenses and accessories which greatly expedite the refraction examination.
(6)角膜曲率仪可用于测定角膜曲率，并可按常规的折射率计算角膜屈光焦度。
Keratometers measure corneal curvature and by an assumed refractive index，to calculated carneal power.
(7)一套手持棱镜(或棱镜杆)配合遮盖试验可以定量儿童眼位偏斜。同样，一套排镜杆可以提高幼儿视网膜检影的效率。
A set of hand held prisms(or a prism bar)is used to quantify oculomotor deviations in children in conjunction with the cover test. Similarly，a lens bar expedites retinoscopy in infants.
(8)视疲劳或眼疲劳泛指用眼后导致的各种症状，包括视力模糊、眼睛不适、头痛、头晕、复视和恶心等。
Asthenopia or eyestrain refers to any symptom which can be attributed to the use of the eyes. These might include blurred vision，ocular discomfort，headache，dizziness，double vision，gastric sets.
(9)雾视法的目的在于使被测眼的调节松弛，不论其原来的屈光状态如何，被测眼均处于人为的近视状态。
The purpose of fogging is to relax accommodation by creating an artificial myopia in all eyes regardless of their original refractive status.
(10)视网膜检影镜的原理是在被测眼前放置透镜，使被测眼的远点逐渐移至视网膜检影镜所在位置。如看到反射光带同向移动，增加正焦度透镜；如看到反射光带逆向移动，则增加负焦度透镜，直至见到中和反光为止。
Retinoscope consists of placing lenses before the patient's eye to shift the far point to the retinoscope.If you see with motion，you add plus；if you see against motion，you add minus，until you reach neutral.
(11)散光盘是用于辅助检测并矫正散光的视标。
Astigmatic dials are targets used for the detection and correction of astigmatism.
(12)交叉圆柱透镜(Jackson交叉柱镜)是一组复合式镜片，一条主子午线上有单纯负圆柱透镜焦度，在另一主子午线上有一相等的单纯正圆柱透镜焦度
The cross cylinder(Jackson Cross Cylinder)is a compound lens having a net minus power in one principal meridian and an equal net plus power in the other.
4.双眼视觉
(1)正视眼(或屈光不正矫正后)近点的等效焦度称为调节幅度。远点与近点之间的直线距离称为调节范围。、
The dioptric equivalent of the near point of emmetropia(or the ametropia corrected)is the amplitude of accommodation.The linear distance between the far point and the near point is the range of accommodation.
(2)所有的正常眼的调节幅度都会随着年龄的增长而减退，通常在40岁前后的十年间老视的症状明显出现。
All normal eyes show a progressive decrease in amplitude of accommodation beginning at birth which becomes symptomatic of presbyopia around the fourth decade.
(3)聚散运动的多重复杂因素参与对注视眼位的控制，包括a.眼外肌的张力引起的张力性聚散；b.调节机能诱发相应的调节性聚散；c.正常的融像反射诱发的融像性聚散；d.近目标诱发的近感知性聚散。
The eyes are brought into fixation alignment by a complex serise of vergence movements；(a)tonic vergence due to tonus of extraocular muscles，(b)accommodative vergence due to changes in accommodation，(c)fusional vergence due to the action of normal fusion reflexes；(d)proximal vergence due to awareness of nearness of the target.
(4)隐斜视可以定义为当双眼融像消除后，注视固定视标的双眼眼位取向不同。
A phoria may be defined as the position the eyes assume，realtive to each other and the fixation target，when fusion is abolished.
(5)融合分离可采用不同的方法实现，如采用双眼视标差异法(如马氏杆试验)、垂直棱镜法、双眼视标分离法(如立体视镜)、交替性屏蔽法(如遮盖试验)等。
Fusion dissociation can be achieved in different ways，dissimilar ocular targets(e. g.，Maddox rod)，vertical prisms，separate targets for each eye(e. g.，in a stereoscope)，or alternate occlusion(e. g.，cover test).
(6)隐斜视被称为潜在的显斜视，两者本质上的不同，在于前者由于人为消除融像时发生眼位偏斜，而后者停留在惯常的偏斜眼位上，因为融像反射永久失去。
Phorias are sometimes called latent strabismus，yet there is a fundamental difference between eyes which drift when fusion is artificially eliminated，and eyes which remain crossed because fusional reflexes never developed.
(7)先让被测眼观察40cm处的单行视标，此时调节为2.50D。你现在在被测眼前增加-1.OOD透镜，附加了1屈光度的调节刺激，诱发一定量的集合。第二次的测值显示为外隐斜量减少(或内隐斜量增加)。若测值的隐斜视变化为4△，则记录为4△/1.OOD，称为AC/A比率。
The patient is looking at a line of letters at 40 cm. He is therefore accommodating 2.50D. You now add -1.OOD，stimulating an additional diopter of accommodation which will，produch certain amount of convergence.The second measurement will therefore show less exophoria(or more esophoria).If the change in phoria is 4△，record as 4△/1.OOD，this is know as the AC/A ratio.
(8)注视0.6的纵向单列视标，分别于6m和40 cm处进行测定。缓慢均匀地在双眼前加入底向外的棱镜，直至被测者诉看到视标模糊和复视为止，为正融像储备量，又称模糊点和破裂点。继而减少棱镜的度数，直至被测者诉影像恢复为单像，称为恢复点。用底向内的棱镜如法测定负融像储备。
Present a line of vertical 0.6 letters. Test is done at both 6 m and 40 cm. Slowly and symmetrically introduce base out prisms before each eye until patient reports blur and diplopia.This is positive fusional reserve，called blurry point and broken point.Reduce prism power until patient regains single vision.This is recovery point. To measuring negative fusional reserve repeat with base in prisms.
(9)集合的近点是指双眼注视固定视标时，不发生复视的最近的视标所在的位置。
The near point of convergence is the cloest point a target can be bifixated without diplopia.
(10)若双眼影像差异的异常程度超过形成立体视觉所需要的范围(如屈光参差处方)，感觉性融像限度被突破，这种情况被称为影像不等。
If the ocular image disparity is abnormal(e.g.，in anisometropic prescriptions)the stereo effect will be greater than what it should be. The perceptual image will be distorted，a condition called aniseikonia，
(11)人的眼睛可通过正常的双眼视差来获得立体视觉。
Patient with normal binocular parallax have stereopsis.
(12)低视力(多发于老年期的视力减退)表现为中心视力下降或局限性视野的缺损。
Low vision(the older term subnormal vision has been abandoned) refers to a reduction is central acuity or a subtotal visual field loss.
5.角膜接触镜基础
(1)日戴处方是指配戴者仅在睁着眼的状态下配戴镜片，通常每天少于18小时。
A lens prescribed for daily wear is to be worn only during waking hours，usually to a maximum of 18 hours per day.
(2)长戴处方是指配戴者在睡眠状态下仍配戴镜片，持续数日(通常为7天)方取下镜片。
A lens prescribed for extended wear may be warn during sleep， to a number of days(usually 7 days) before the lens is removed.
(3)弹性配戴实际上是一种长戴方式变相的说法，配戴者通常并不是每天戴镜睡眠过夜，而仅在午睡时或偶然有1~2次戴镜睡眠过夜。
Flexible wear is the term used to describe an adaptation to the extended wear modality. In this case，the patient usually dose not routinely sleep in the lenses，but may occasionally nap or sleep with the lenses on for a night or two.
(4)传统式镜片为只要镜片没有破损就一直配戴，软性角膜接触镜通常为6~12个月。
Conventional contact lens wear refers to the practice of using a contact lens as long as the lens remains undamaged，typically from 6 to 12 months for soft lenses.
(5)抛弃式镜片为周期性的一次性镜片，即每次取下镜片即行抛弃。
Disposable lenses are intended as single-use lenses，which are discarded after each removal from the eye.
(6)定期更换式镜片的使用周期由验配师决定，更换镜片的间歇期依据镜片种类及配戴者的需要可为1周至3个月不等。
Planned replacement involves the scheduled replacement of the contact lenses at periodic intervals as determined by the eye care professional，The intervals may range from every one week to three months，depending on the lens type and patient needs.
(7)镜片的内曲面中心弧称为基弧，通常缩写为BC,基弧又称为后光学区半径(BOZR).
The central back curve of the contact lens is called the base curve and usually abbreviated BC. Other terms for the base curve include back optic zone radius(BOZR).
(8)球面弧是指弧面上任意一点的曲率半径均相等，如同一个圆球体的内曲面。非球面弧是指从镜片的中心至边缘曲率半径逐渐变长或逐渐变短
A spherical curve is specified by one radius and has equal curvature at all points along the curve，much like the inside of a round ball.An aspheric curve exhibits a gradual lengthening or shortening of the radius from the center toward the edge of the lens.
(9)镜片内曲面围绕基弧的弧面统称为周边弧面。
The curves surrounding the base curve on the posterior lens surface are called peripheral curves.
(10)镜片基弧所及的范围称为光学区(OZ )。
The area of the lens where the base curve radius is located is termed the optic zone(OZ).
(11)镜片边缘最宽的两点间的直线距离称为镜片的直径(D)。
The length of the line across the lens at its widest point is called the lensdiameter(D).
(12)矢深，“S”,(又称矢高、弧高或垂距)，指镜片内曲面的几何学中心至线状直径之间的垂直距离。
The sagittal depth，“S”，(also called sagitta，sagittal height or sag)is the perpendicular distance between the geometric center of the back lens surface and the diameter of the lens.
6.角膜接触镜临床
(1)角膜接触镜验配的首要目标是使选配的镜片具有最理想的矫正视力、舒适度，并维持正常的眼部生理功能。
The primary goal of contact lens fitting is to prescribe a lens which provides the best possible visual acuity，lens comfort and maintenance of normal ocular physiology.
(2)软镜材料影响镜片验配的重要因素为：弹性模量、制造工艺的含水量。Important soft lens material attributes which affect lens fitting include：modulus of elasticity，manufacturing method，and water content.
(3)影响软镜验配的眼部因素为：眼前表面的局部解剖形态、眼睑力和泪液特性。
Various ocular factors affect soft lens fitting.These include front ocular surface topography，eyelid forces and tear film characteristics.
(4)为了补偿散光的影响，可以计算等效球面的处方。即用球面镜光度与一半柱镜光度(散光)的代数和，计算结果就是等效球面的光度。
To compensate for any astigmatic effect，a spherical equivalent prescription may be calculated. Half the amount of cylinder power(astigmatism) is added algebraically to the sphere power，and this yields the resulting spherical equivalent power.
(5)当框架眼镜的验光处方(或等效球面光度)大于±4.OOD，配镜的光度必须进行顶点距离调整。
If the spectacle prescription(or spherical equivalent)is greater than±4.OOD，the power must be adjusted for vertex distance.
(6)角膜覆盖度：镜片应完全覆盖角膜，上边缘在角膜缘以外，位于眼睑下面。
Corneal coverage：the lens should cover the cornea completely，ideally extending beyond the limbus and under the eyelids.
(7)中心定位：镜片应恰位于角膜中心，各个方向等距离延出角膜缘。
Lens centration：the lens should be reasonably centered，extending an equal distance beyond the limbus in all directions.
(8)眨眼时的移动度：嘱配戴者正常眨眼，多数文献显示理想的镜片移动度为0.2～0.6 mm。
Lens movement with the blink：The patient is asked to blink normally.Many sources refer to desired lens movement of 0.2～0.6 mm.
(9)向上看时镜片下垂度：嘱配戴者向上看，镜片应稍稍下垂。
Lens lag on gaze：The patient is asked to look ，and the lens should move or lag downward slightly.
(10)“上推试验”的镜片移动度：在这一试验中，验配师轻轻推动配戴者下睑缘，使镜片往上推移滑动。
Lens movement with the“push- test”：In this test，the practitioner slides the lens ward by gently pushing on it with the patients lower eyelid.
(11)片上验光：当诊断性镜片与配戴者的验光处方不一致时，应采用片上验光的方法来配发配戴者合适的镜片光度。
Over-Refraction： If the diagnostic lens is not the patient's correct prescription，an over-refraction should be performed to determine the appropriate lens power to dispense.
(12)蛋白质沉淀物：镜片表面有片状变性的泪液蛋白。
Deposits of protein：Sheets of denatured tear protein on lens surface.
(13)球结膜充血(急性红眼)：眼前节急性反应诱发的球结膜血管充盈。
Hyperemia bulbar(Acute red eye)：Engorgement of conjunctival blood vessels in association with acute anterior eye reaction.
(14)巨乳头性结膜炎：上睑板区结膜过敏性反应。
Giant papillary conjunctivitis(GPC)：Allergic reaction of serior conjunctival tarsal plate.
技能要求
眼镜验光专业英语阅读训练
[操作准备]
眼镜验光阅读资料若干、专业词典或翻译软件、练习簿和书写笔。
[操作步骤]
1.随机抽取眼镜验光阅读资料3~5则。
2.采用估读法阅读专业资料，准备时间为20~30 min。
3.面对多媒体幻灯，用中文口译准备好的阅读资料。
4.或将阅读资料在规定的时间内笔译后交给老师。
5.老师采用多媒体幻灯评价学员的翻译结果，讲解具有共性的难点。
[注意事项]
1.专业英语资料的翻译不是一朝一夕能够完成的，不能寄希望于强化训练来取得成绩。建议每天课前预留30min进行训练和讲解，以期帮助学员积累词汇量。
2.学员的水平参差不齐，没有一定的基础就谈不上“形文力”，也难以进行估读训练。故需因材施教，不能勉为其难。 |
